Bridge
World Standard
Bridge
World Standard (BWS) is a system based on the majority preferences of
approximately 125 leading experts and thousands of Bridge World readers. Its
methods were determined by polls: a clear expert preference determined the
treatment; close questions were decided by the readers' vote. Because it is a
consensus system, BWS is rarely used by regular partnerships. It is, however,
very valuable in forming casual partnerships--if both partners know the
system, they need discuss only those areas in which individual preferences do
not conform to the BWS treatment. BWS is also used as a foundation for voting
in the Master Solvers' Club in The Bridge World.
Opening
Bids and Responses
Minimum
balanced hand: good 12.
1 NT:
good 15 to bad 18. Jacoby transfers (splinter rebids; game raise is slam try;
two diamonds plus two spades forcing only one round); two spades shows minors;
three hearts invitational, major two-suiter; Texas transfers; Stayman
(two-spade rebid invitational; two-heart rebid weak; minor rebid forcing);
Smolen; three of a minor invitational; Gerber.
2 NT:
good 20 to bad 22 (small doubleton acceptable). Jacoby transfers; three spades
shows minors; Texas transfers; Gerber; High Gerber.
Two
clubs artificial, strong: Natural responses (positive response requires good
suit); two diamonds neutral; second negative=cheaper minor to three diamonds.
Preempts:
Weak two-bids (two notrump, which asks for feature if maximum, and new-suit
responses forcing). "Weak gambling" three-bids. New-suit response to
game-level opening asking-bid (step responses).
3 NT:
gambling (little outside strength); four-diamond response artificial.
Five-card
majors in first and second position: one-notrump response forcing;
two-over-one promises rebid; limit jump raises (four trumps; cheapest rebid
asks shortness); two notrump strong raise (asks shortness); three notrump
natural, 16-17; passed-hand responses: one notrump 6-12, two clubs strong
raise, three clubs natural.
Responses
to minor-suit openings: Single raise strong, 10 pts. up, denies major; jump
raise weak; 1 NT 8-10 after one club, 6-10 after one diamond; two notrump
natural, game force; up the line may be ignored with moderate hand; two-club
response to one diamond promises a rebid.
Partnership
Bidding
Splinter
raises: Double-jump shift after suit opening; single jump in fourth suit if
one level above a reverse; single jump in third suit if four level, or
reverse; double jump in fourth suit; four of opener's minor after new-suit
rebid; jump-shift by two-diamond responder to two clubs; new-suit jump after
single major raise; double new-suit jump after 1 NT response.
Slam
methods: Roman key-card Blackwood with trump-queen ask; DOPI; five notrump (2
keys) or higher response with void; 5 NT rebid invites seven, asks king
cue-bidding. Cheapest-weakest responses to grand-slam force. Gerber after
one-notrump
or two-notrump opening, or rebid. Picture jumps in forcing situations.
Other
methods: Fourth-suit bidding: nonforcing by passed hand unless reverse; one
spade may be weak; promises another bid at two level; game force if reverse or
at three level. Third-suit bidding: game force if reverse or at three level,
otherwise does not promise rebid. Opener's suit-over-suit reverse promises
rebid; responder's cheaper of 2 NT and fourth suit neutral. All non-jump-shift
secondary jumps by one-over-one responder invitational. Opener's jump rebid to
four of original minor is strong raise. Unbid minor forcing and artificial
after one-notrump rebid, requests support. Three clubs artificial, may be
prelude to signoff, after two-notrump jump by opener. Reraise to three of
major preemptive.
Competitive
Bidding
Negative
doubles: After suit opening, through three spades (including opener's suit);
after one-notrump opening, at the three level; unlimited; suggests length in
unbid major; of one heart shows four spades; of one spade after minor opening
shows four or more hearts. Repeat same-suit double by negative doubler for
takeout.
Weak
jump responses after overcall of minor opening.
Over
overcall: jump raise preemptive, cue-bid is at least limit raise, jump cue-bid
is splinter.
Over
two-suited overcalls: cheapest cue = raise; next cue = unbid suit; unbid suit
nonforcing.
Over
minor Michaels: unbid suit nonforcing; major suit shows stopper.
Over
major Michaels: cue-bid in enemy major is limit raise or better; new suit
forcing.
Support
doubles and redoubles when raise to two is available, except one
club--(pass)--one diamond--(one spade)--double shows hearts.
Over
a double of partner's suit bid: new suit forcing at the one level only; jump
shift nonforcing; two notrump limit raise or better; double jump in new suit
splinter.
Lebensohl
after two-level overcalls of one notrump (fast denies stop).
Jump
cue-bid by opener is splinter raise.
Pass
and pull strong in forcing situation.
Defensive
Bidding
Michaels
cue-bids (in minor: majors; in major: other major plus unspecified minor) in
direct and reopening position over suit one-bids and over one-notrump
response; weak or quite strong.
Direct
jump cue-bid natural over minor, asks stopper over major.
Takeout
doubles of preemptive openings through four hearts; otherwise for penalty.
Maximal
overcall double of raised suit.
Reopenings:
1 NT, 10-14; 2 NT, 18-19.
In
fourth seat over a response: one notrump and cue-bids natural.
After
1 NT overcall: two clubs Stayman; jumps invitational.
Double
of free new-suit bid by responder shows fourth suit plus tolerance.
Cappelletti
over one notrump (all situations).
Direct
two notrump unusual for lower unbid suits; weak or quite strong.
Takeout
doubles: may be light with shape; new-suit rebid very strong.
Preemptive
jump overcalls and jump raises of overcalls.
Responsive
and extended responsive doubles after takeout doubles, at the two level after
an overcall, after a preempt.
Mixed-raise
advances of overcalls.
Cue-bid
by advancer forcing until a suit is bid twice, or game.
Lebensohl
after double of weak two-bid, either position by unpassed hand, and following
one-notrump overcall.
Opening
Leads
Against
suit contracts: third from even; low from odd.
All
other leads old-fashioned.
桥牌世界标准制
桥牌世界标准制(Bridge
World
Standard,简称BWS)是基于大约125名专家及数以千计的《桥牌世界》的读者的主流观点编制而成的。其叫牌方式是通过投票决定的:先给出专家的观点,然后由读者投票决定。毕竟这是一个结合大多数人意见的体系,所以很少被固定搭档所采用。但是,对于那些偶尔在一起打牌的搭档还是很有价值的,毕竟这是个大家都知道的体系,一对搭档只需要讨论一些在本体系中未被定义的部分就可以了。同时,桥牌世界标准制也是《桥牌世界》的“Maser
Solvers' Club”栏目中所采用的叫牌体系。
开叫及应叫
开叫最低限:平均型,好的12点。
1NT:好的15点至不好的18点。
后续叫牌采用:
斯台曼(Stayman,2C应叫):应叫人再叫2S是邀叫,再叫2H是双高花弱牌,再叫低花是进局逼叫。
杰克贝转移叫(Jacoby
Transfer,2D/2H应叫):转移之后,应叫人可使用爆裂叫(Splinter);加叫到局是满贯试探;先作2D要求转移2H,再叫2S是逼叫一轮。
2S应叫表示有低花(即低花斯台曼)。
3H应叫双高花,邀叫。
德克萨斯转移叫(Texas Transfer,4C/4D应叫)。
斯莫伦转移叫(Smolen)。
三阶低花是邀叫。
葛伯问叫(Gerber)。
2NT:好的20点至不好的22点(可有无大牌的双张套)。
后续叫牌采用:
杰克贝转移叫(Jacoby Transfer,3D/3H应叫)。
3S应叫表示有低花(低花斯台曼)。
德克萨斯转移叫(Texas Transfer,4C/4D应叫)。
葛伯问叫(Gerber)。
超级葛伯问叫(High Gerber)。
2C:约定性开叫,表示强牌。
后续叫牌采用:
自然的示强应叫,但花色应叫应有好套。
2D中性应叫。
二次示弱用最便宜的低花。
阻击叫:
弱二开叫:2NT应叫是约定性的,开叫人如果是高限,则叫出旁门的特征;新花色应叫是逼叫。
弱赌博性的三阶开叫:应叫人在成局水平叫出新花是问该花色控制。
3NT:赌博性开叫,旁门基本无大牌。
后续叫牌采用:
4D应叫的约定性。
一阶高花开叫:第一、二开叫至少5张。
后续叫牌采用:
逼叫性1NT应叫。
二盖一保证再叫一轮。
限制性的三阶跳加叫:保证4张支持,开叫人叫出最便宜花色是问应叫人短套。
2NT是强加叫,问开叫人短套。
3NT是自然的,16-17点。
已Pass的一家应叫1NT是6-12点,2C应叫是德鲁利(Drury),3C应叫是自然的。
一阶低花开叫
后续叫牌采用:
低花反加叫:加一副是强牌,至少10点,无高花;跳加叫是弱牌。
对1C开叫应叫1NT是8-10点,对1D开叫应叫1NT是6-10点。
2NT应叫是自然的,进局逼叫。
直接跳应叫到局一般是止叫。
二盖一(即对1D开叫的2C应叫)保证再叫一轮。
其它约定:
爆裂叫(Splinter):以下都是爆裂叫:
在花色套开叫后应叫人直接双跳新花;
在开叫人逆叫后如果第四花色正好比逆叫花色高一级,则单跳第四花色;
在四阶水平单跳第三花色;
在逆叫后单跳第三花色;
双跳第四花色;
开叫人开叫一阶低花,再叫新花后,应叫人跳叫到四阶开叫人的低花;
对2C开叫,作2D应叫的应叫人再次跳叫新花;
一阶高花开叫被简单加叫后,开叫人跳叫新花;
应叫人对1NT开叫做出应叫后再次跳叫新花。
满贯叫牌:
罗马关键张勃莱克伍德问叫(Roman Key-card
Blackwood,RKCB):应叫人如果叫出5NT或者更高级别的答叫表示有2个关键张,并有缺门;在答叫后,问叫人再叫5NT是要求答叫人叫出有K的花色;如果对方干扰,采用DOPI方式。
大满贯逼叫:最弱的答叫是最便宜的答叫。
在1NT、2NT开叫,或者自然的1NT、2NT叫牌后采用葛伯(Gerber)问叫。
在逼叫情况下,采用描述性跳叫(Picture
Jump),如1H-2C-3C-4H就是描述性跳叫,表明自己的C是好套,其他花色没有第一轮或第二轮控制,大约是这样的牌:S-Qx,H-Kxxx,D-xx,C-AKJxx。
其它:
第四花色叫牌:1S可能是弱牌(1C-1D-1H-1S),在二阶的第四花色叫牌保证再叫一轮,在开叫人逆叫后或者在三阶叫出第四花色是进局逼叫。Pass的一家如果作第四花色叫牌,除非开叫人逆叫,否则是不逼叫的。
第三花色叫牌:在逆叫后后或者在三阶水平是进局逼叫,其他情况下不保证再叫。
应叫人花色应叫后,开叫人的的逆叫保证再叫一轮。
开叫再叫时跳叫自己开叫低花到四阶是对应叫人花色的强加叫。
在开叫人的1NT再叫后采用新低花逼叫,询问开叫人对应叫花色的支持。
在开叫人跳再叫2NT后,应叫人叫3C是沃尔夫止叫信号(Wollf
Signoff)。
在一阶高花开叫,应叫人简单加叫后,开叫人再加一副是阻击性的(如:1H-2H-3H)。
竞争性叫牌
负加倍(Negative
doubles):在花色开叫后到3S水平(包括开叫的花色);在1NT开叫后,到三阶水平。牌力无上限。在对方1H争叫作负加倍表示S有且只有4张;在对方1S睁叫,表示H至少有4张。对同一花色重复作加倍还是技术性。
在低花开叫,对方争叫后,采用弱跳应叫。
在争叫后,跳加叫是阻击性的,扣叫表示至少是限制性加叫,跳扣叫是爆裂叫(Splinter)。
对于对方表示双套牌的争叫,扣叫最便宜的一个对方的长套是表示至少有限制性加叫实力,对另门对方长套的扣叫表示在未叫花色中有长套,且是逼叫,而直接叫出未叫花色是不逼叫的。
如果对方对同伴的一阶低花作迈克尔斯扣叫(Michaels),则叫出未叫花色是逼叫,扣叫对方高花是显示止张。
如果对方对同伴的一阶高花作迈克尔斯扣叫(Michaels),则扣叫对方的另一门高花是表示至少有限制性加叫实力,叫出新花是逼叫。
当可以在二阶加叫同伴花色时,采用支持性加倍(Support
Double)和支持性再加倍(Support
Redouble)。但在这样的叫牌进程中:1C-(Pass)-1D-(1S)-X,这个加倍是表示有H套。
在对方对同伴一阶花色开叫作加倍后,一阶应叫新花是逼叫;跳应叫新花不逼叫;跳应叫2NT是乔丹2NT(Jordan
2NT),表示对同伴花色至少有限制性加叫实力;双跳新花是爆裂叫(Splinter)。
同伴1NT开叫后,对方二阶争叫时,采用莱本索尔(lebensohl)。在此之后,开叫人的跳扣叫是爆裂叫(Splinter);
防守叫牌
迈克尔斯扣叫(Michaels
Cue-bid):如果对方开叫一阶花色,你直接扣叫或者在平衡位置扣叫,以及对方同伴应叫1NT后口叫都是。如果是扣叫低花,表示有双高套;如果是扣叫高花,表示有另一门高花和一门低花。非强即弱的牌力。
直接跳扣叫低花是自然的,跳扣叫高花是问同伴止张。
技术性加倍(Takeout
Double):最高到4H水平,超过该水平就是惩罚性的。作加倍时可能依靠牌型而降低对牌点要求,但加倍人再叫出新花表示很强的牌。
在加叫后采用高限争叫性加倍(Maximal
Overcall Double)。
平衡叫牌的1NT表示10-14点,2NT表示18-19点。
在第四加位置,对方已经作过应叫,1NT争叫和扣叫是自然的。
1NT争叫后,2C是斯台曼(Stayman),跳应叫是邀请性的。
在对方花色开叫,在同伴花色争叫,对方同伴自由应叫新花时,采用第四花色套加倍,表示在未叫的第四花色中有长套,对同伴的花色略有支持。
对1NT争叫在所有位置采用卡皮莱蒂约定(Cappelletti)。
直接争叫2NT是不寻常2NT(Unusual
2NT)。
跳争叫和对同伴的争叫作跳加叫是阻击性的。
在同伴作技术性加倍后,采用应叫性加倍(Responsive
Double)和扩展的应叫性加倍。比如:(1S)-X-(2S)-X,这是应叫性加倍;(1S)-2D-(2S)-X,这是扩展的应叫性加倍。此约定用于同伴技术性加倍后;同伴争叫,且目前叫牌在二阶水平;或者在对方阻击之后。
在争叫后采用混合加叫(Mixed
Raise)。
同伴对对方弱二开叫作技术性加倍后,采用莱本索尔(lebensohl)。
首攻:
对花色定约,偶数张套出第三张,奇数张套出最小一张。
其它按传统方式。